What is the DSM-5 criteria for oppositional defiant disorder?

The DSM-5 criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) highlight the presence of a persistent pattern of angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness that lasts for at least 6 months. This behavior is typically directed toward authority figures and manifests in various contexts, leading to significant impairment in social, academic, or other areas of functioning.

The focus on a “pattern” of behaviors, rather than isolated incidents, is crucial, as ODD is characterized by a consistent course of oppositional behavior rather than sporadic occurrences. This cluster of negative and defiant behaviors distinguishes ODD from other disorders, illustrating a different type of challenge that does not necessarily include severe violence or other more extreme behaviors seen in conduct disorders.

Other options do not align with the established criteria for ODD. While they may touch on relevant themes, they either mischaracterize the nature of the disorder, emphasize severity that is not a requirement, or include affective symptoms that do not fall under ODD's parameters. The emphasis on behaviors without severe violence for an extended period is what accurately represents ODD according to the DSM-5, making the provided answer the best choice.