Which neurotransmitters are commonly found to be low in individuals with ADHD?

Individuals with ADHD commonly display low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play essential roles in regulating attention, motivation, and the reward system in the brain. Dopamine is critical for the reinforcement of behaviors and is involved in processes related to concentration and impulse control, which are often impaired in those with ADHD. Norepinephrine also contributes to attention and arousal, impacting one's ability to focus and remain engaged with tasks.

The literature on ADHD frequently highlights the dysregulation of these neurotransmitters, correlating their deficiencies with the characteristic symptoms of the disorder, such as inattention and hyperactivity. Medications used for ADHD treatment, particularly stimulants, primarily act by increasing the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft, further supporting the association between low levels of these neurotransmitters and the disorder.

The other neurotransmitters listed in the options are not typically associated with ADHD in the same way. For instance, serotonin is more closely linked with mood regulation, while GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in producing calmness and reducing anxiety. Acetylcholine plays a role in learning and memory, and glutamate is primarily an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in synaptic plasticity. End